Fumaria officinalis
The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group recognized seven families in Ranunculales in their APG III system, published in 2009. In the preceding APG II system, they offered the option of three segregate families as shown below.order Ranunculalesfamily Berberidaceaefamily Circaeasteraceae[+ family Kingdoniaceae ]family Eupteleaceaefamily Lardizabalaceaefamily Menispermaceaefamily Papaveraceae[+ family Fumariaceae ][+ family Pteridophyllaceae ]family RanunculaceaeNote: "+" = optionally separate family (that may be split off from the preceding family).Under this definition, well-known members of Ranunculales include buttercups, clematis, columbines, delphiniums, and poppies.The Cronquist system (1981) also recognised the order, but placed it in the subclass Magnoliidae, in class Magnoliopsida [= dicotyledons]. It used this circumscription:order Ranunculalesfamily Ranunculaceaefamily Circaeasteraceaefamily Berberidaceaefamily Sargentodoxaceaefamily Lardizabalaceaefamily Menispermaceaefamily Coriariaceaefamily SabiaceaeIn the Cronquist system, the Papaveraceae and Fumariaceae (including the plants in the optional family Pteridophyllaceae) were treated as a separate order Papaverales, placed in this same subclass Magnoliidae. The Cronquist circumscription of Ranunculales is now known to be polyphyletic. Sabiaceae is in a clade of basal eudicots separate from Ranunculales. Coriariaceae is now placed in the order Cucurbitales.A phylogeny of Ranunculales was published in 2009, based on molecular phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences. The authors of this paper revised the subfamilies and tribes of the order.
The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group recognized seven families in Ranunculales in their APG III system, published in 2009. In the preceding APG II system, they offered the option of three segregate families as shown below.order Ranunculales
family Berberidaceae
family Circaeasteraceae
[+ family Kingdoniaceae ]
family Eupteleaceae
family Lardizabalaceae
family Menispermaceae
family Papaveraceae
[+ family Fumariaceae ]
[+ family Pteridophyllaceae ]
family Ranunculaceae
Note: "+" = optionally separate family (that may be split off from the preceding family).
Under this definition, well-known members of Ranunculales include buttercups, clematis, columbines, delphiniums, and poppies.
The Cronquist system (1981) also recognised the order, but placed it in the subclass Magnoliidae, in class Magnoliopsida [= dicotyledons]. It used this circumscription:
order Ranunculales
family Ranunculaceae
family Circaeasteraceae
family Berberidaceae
family Sargentodoxaceae
family Lardizabalaceae
family Menispermaceae
family Coriariaceae
family Sabiaceae
In the Cronquist system, the Papaveraceae and Fumariaceae (including the plants in the optional family Pteridophyllaceae) were treated as a separate order Papaverales, placed in this same subclass Magnoliidae. The Cronquist circumscription of Ranunculales is now known to be polyphyletic. Sabiaceae is in a clade of basal eudicots separate from Ranunculales. Coriariaceae is now placed in the order Cucurbitales.
A phylogeny of Ranunculales was published in 2009, based on molecular phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences. The authors of this paper revised the subfamilies and tribes of the order.
References
1. Wei Wang; An-Ming Lu, Yi Ren, Mary E. Endress, and Zhi-Duan Chen (2009). "Phylogeny and Classification of Ranunculales: Evidence from four molecular loci and morphological data". Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 11 (2): 81–110. doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2009.01.001.
2. ^ http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-03/iu-fib033111.php